Fire Science Popular: Fire Skyscraper

The first high-rise building of mankind was recorded by the Jews in the Bible's Genesis. This tower of Babel built in Babylon is called the Tower of Babel. The Bible says that in order to prevent the vanity and arrogance of mankind, God made the tower The artisans are not able to communicate with each other and cannot continue to work.

The historian said that when the outstanding genius was to conquer Cubal when he conquered the giant Babylon, he decided to rebuild the tower, but unfortunately a mosquito suffering from malaria was in Aria. When Yamadori impassed him with his impassioned promulgation, he soon took a sip and Alexander died of malaria, and the building of the Babel tower was stranded.

Archaeologists found the ruins of "Tower of Babel", and to accurately measure and calculate the "Tower of Babel" 96 meters high, circumference of 96 meters. The tower was built on a huge platform and was made up of eight layers of cones with a temple of Marduk on the top. The staircase spirals around the tower along the outer wall.

The vanity and arrogance of mankind have never weakened, and the desire for wealth has also increased. When communication is not a problem, the taller and more magnificent skyscrapers than the towers of Papita continue to increase. The economy of the United States in the 1960s and 1970s The construction of skyscrapers began during the great development and ended in the early 1990s. However, the number was small and there were only a few. In the early 1990s, China’s wealth accumulated rapidly. The farmland where the original harvest of “Yao Huali said good harvest and heard frogs” was planted almost overnight into various skyscrapers under the pretext of economic development zones. Heads and towns who are taller than one and are vain and arrogant for pursuing political achievements are well known for their landmarks: landmark buildings.

According to statistics from the research report, by 2020 , the number of ultra-high-rise buildings over 250 meters in the world will reach 464 , and more than 90% will be concentrated in mainland China.

The fire, like the mosquito that laid down the world’s unrivalled general Alexander, has been watching the cities, buildings, houses, towers, and platforms built by mankind for thousands of years and destroying them according to God’s will.

(one)

At present, the tallest building in the world is Burj Khalifa in Dubai. It is 828 meters high and 162 stories high . Photo enthusiasts often shoot at lightning strike spires. When they look at this kind of lightning strike, they think of the word “God's whip”. . The local tyrants in Dubai produce the chief tyrants as chiefs. Of course, the local tyrants who don't bake their own bills will not build their own landmarks costing billions of dollars. It is certainly the Dubai government that is willing to make a difference.

China’s local tyrants are more than Dubai’s, and those who can become local tyrants will of course not do business at a loss. The cost of super-high-rise buildings is too high, not a simple accumulation of floors. Therefore, Chinese local tyrants will never spend enough to spend billions of dollars to build super high-rises, and local tyrants are more willing to live in villas.

Fire chief and architect standing This is located at 600 meters high skyscraper this east China sea.

The architect asked: Did you see the top?

The chief of the fire department said: No, wait for the cloud to drift away. Our fire fighting capacity is up to 15 floors for civil buildings and up to 7 floors for public buildings . You have built this building up to 115 floors.

The architect asks: What is the difference between civil buildings and public buildings?

The chief of the fire brigade said: Of course, every household in a civil building is a fireproof unit. In general, a fire burns one family and floods the two. The people who live in the building are basically "chicken dogs can be heard, old friends do not contact each other", household items are also low calorific value, the public access part will not be renovated. Unlike public buildings, although the white-collar workers in the building couldn't even mention their names, Zhang Qian first called them “pro-”. When disaster strikes, these “fathers” will step on the body of “pro-” to escape. The space in public buildings is too large and the combustibles are concentrated. It is difficult to control them effectively. Therefore, property and casualties are also huge.

The architect asks: How many meters can the highest lifting car ever reach?

The chief of the fire brigade said: 101 meters , but in the event of a fire, this type of vehicle may not be able to rise because the podium and the vehicle prevent the high lift from showing off. In addition, this type of car must fail when used. This is Murphy's Law.

(two)

When the raging fire is rolled up with smoke and goes up the vertical passage, the resulting fire pressure will turn elevator shafts, stairwells, and pipe wells into chimneys. The instantaneous temperature will be hundreds of degrees, and it may immediately ignite the surrounding Decoration material.

The architect asked: What is the feeling of extinguishing a fire in a tall building?

The fire chief said: Just like in the chimney. Once there was a fire. We watched the fire burned from the 1st floor to the 12th floor and burned for three days and nights. Three firefighters were sacrificed at the scene and two people were killed. Because it is night, there is only a single staff member in the building. It is unimaginable if you are injured during work. This public building is a shopping mall. There is no spreadable combustion in a high-rise hotel with only one steel passageway, but it is rolled through the three-meter-wide, fifteen-meter-long, four-meter-high horizontal corridor. The high-temperature hot air flow ignited and carbonized the hotel. At the time, I blocked the fire at the entrance, just like in the oven. The front players shot water and blocked the fire. The players behind shot water to the front players to cool down. It was a big winter. On the coldest day, the firemen on the chest of the firemen were scorched and the thick ice was behind them. In this way, the passage of smoke through the upper part of the tunnel ignited the hotel.

The architect asked: This type of corridor should be built with a normally closed door or a fire shutter according to the building fire protection code.

The chief of the fire brigade said: You should know that our “normally closed doors are not normally closed, and often open doors are not always open”. If you don’t believe that you enter a public building casually , you will find that this is not a problem and there is a huge problem.

The architect asks: Is there any automatic fire extinguishing device in this type of building?

The chief of the fire brigade said: The automatic fire extinguishing device is fireproof and not disaster-proof. If the spray nozzles spray water at the same time, the water pressure and flow rate will be small. When the fire breaks down, the spray pipeline may break through a certain range. The spray pipeline may be drip instead of water spray. . The large space used for fireproof partitioned roller blinds is suitable for a professional term called fire endurance limit. In the event of a fire, this limit is too low. Incombustible materials do not prevent fire, and they are also carbonized at high temperatures. The surface paint and flame-retardant materials release a large amount of toxic gases. Recently, the electric motorcycle charged by the residents downstairs often caught fire, and several escape cases were smoked. The number of combustible parts of the battery car was very high. In a building, the fire load was extremely high.

(three)

Standing in a beautifully decorated and lively lobby is easily reminiscent of the layout of the lobby is a feng shui master layout, pleasing to the eye, linger.

The architect said: When we are designing a large space, it is generally calculated according to no fire load. If you look at the lobby, it is magnificent. It is made of marble and stainless steel. There is no flammable material. People should be safe here!

The chief of the fire brigade said: You are only responsible for building the civil part of this building, but you may not know that the stainless steel is so smooth because the stainless steel is covered with a wood material made of high-density glue. Once the combustion is due to stainless steel will effectively prevent the fire extinguishing agent , there will be no burning to extinguish the phenomenon of fire, just like the color plate, and eventually become a pile of iron skin. In the process of combustion, a large amount of toxic gases are released, including glue that adheres to marble. Where is the most suitable word for "wreckage"? I think it is the scene of a fire.

( d)

In this refuge floor, huge ventilation equipment and various pipes are installed, more like an equipment room. In addition to being empty, there is no respirator or fireproof clothing that can escape, and even one cannot save itself. A rope or a flashlight used for lighting, because the “Architectural Design Fire Code” does not refer to the escape equipment of the evacuation layer, and the building managers adhering to “more things than less” have no time to consider this simple problem because they do not It will be believed that this skyscraper of human wisdom and high-tech crystallization will catch fire.

The architect said: We strictly follow the fire protection code for building design, with a refuge floor every fifteenth floor, and no refuge in the refuge floor to ensure the safety of personnel.

The chief of the fire brigade said that if there is a fire on the floor below the refuge floor, then there is no need to take refuge because death has already arrived. If there is no fire on the refuge floor, there is nothing to be avoided. I have read a survey report. White-collar workers in high-rise office buildings have almost no one know what is a refuge floor, or where the refuge floor is located, because they rely on shuttle elevators every day.

The architect said: However, if they use stairs to escape, it is natural to enter the refuge floor. The stairs here are faulty to prevent the chimneys from rising up and down in the stairway during a fire.

The chief of the fire brigade said: The refuge floor itself is a broken road, and at the top, like a maze, it is difficult to find another exit in the disaster. Even if found, there is no guarantee that the door will open smoothly. Once opened, the door becomes a smoke channel. The CCTV fire has changed our past burning knowledge. The original fire is not only going to burn upwards, but it can also be burned from the top like water. High-rise building fires also jump across the floor to burn.

The architect said: The refuge floor is equipped with natural or forced exhaust.

The chief of the fire brigade said: The grid of natural exhaust smoke is too small for the appearance of decorative smoke exhaust holes. Have you ever seen a trapped person sitting on a window sill, behind which is a picture of a flaming smoke scene, not even a window sill. In order to prevent rain, the maximum opening value of the top-hung window of the natural smoke exhaust is fifteen degrees, and this design can only cause smoke backflow. The curtain wall glass may not be crushed by the hoe, so natural exhaust is useless for super high-rises. The positive pressure air supply device for forced exhaustion will not be powered off, or it will be blown out of power.

The architect asked: What is the difference between fire prevention and disaster prevention?

The chief of fire brigade said: From the point of view of Chinese culture, "the fire is the fire and the fire is the disaster." In this sense, the human fire is a controllable combustion. Skyfire is the combustion that loses its control in time and space. Once the fire is out of control, it is “naive” and “givenness” cannot be violated, so the skyfire is not salvageable either.

The architect asked: What you mean is that the refuge floor is useless.

The fire chief said: I mean that the refuge floor is also used for fire prevention and not for disaster prevention.

(Fives)

Standing on the sightseeing layer of this super-pole building, the distance to the surface of the sea can be vaguely curved. Every 50 kilometers of the earth will produce an arc in the line of sight. If the weather is good at this altitude, we can see the sea level 100 kilometers away. , Downstairs originally arranged neatly high-rise buildings, from here, as if watching the building sand table. It is sealed all around here. When you look through a large glass, you will recall the famous poetry: "If you want to go through a thousand miles, go one step further."

The chief of the fire station asked: In this building, how is the ventilation achieved?

The architect said: The entire building has a fresh air ventilation system and air conditioning system.

The chief of the fire station asked: If there is a power outage, it may cause a change in the ventilation system. In other words, in the event of a disaster, if there is a power outage in the entire building, people who are too late to evacuate may die.

The architect said: No, we have spare power and we can guarantee uninterrupted power supply to the building.

The chief of the fire department said: But you can't guarantee that a self-satisfied official will order a power outage in the event of a disaster!

The architect asked: After the building caught fire, the firefighters were not required to cut off the electrical lines.

The chief of the fire brigade said: The fire tactical materials used by our colleges and universities are mostly based on the former Soviet Union’s fire suppression theory, such as the first priority at the scene to cut off the power supply. However, these are for buildings that are exposed in the 50s and 60s. For modern buildings, especially high-rise buildings, it is relatively dogmatic to use power-off methods. In modern architecture, electric lines are concealed. It is impossible to see the kind of snake-like wires from the outside, and every power supply unit. There are air switches. If the fire breaks down, the air switch will lose power and the chance of electric shock will be very small. Personally, I think that entering a modern building requires no power cuts. The damage caused by power outages is much greater than the power supply. If an elevator can be used after a high-level fire occurs, the evacuation can be accelerated. After the elevator is set to a power failure according to the relevant specifications of the fire elevator, the car door is automatically opened. Because the evacuation crowd and the firefighters are retrograde, the fire elevator may be It is the quickest evacuation method. Another way is to use the layered window cleaner in the building to escape. The key to the problem is that no one can use that monster. There are also textbooks for fighting high-level fires, blocking at the upper part of the fire floor, and the lower command post is also aimed at ordinary high-rise buildings. Misleading is aimed at this super high-rise.

(six)

If you look from a distance, the skyscraper is like a sword, and it pierces the sky. It has to be said that this is a human challenge to heaven. If you look down from the plane on this ultra-high building, it grows like a groundless one. As a stinger, there is no doubt that if there are aliens, the first thing to come to earth is to pull out these stings.

The chief of the fire brigade asked: This kind of super-pole construction, there is no standard for the country to find, then build this behemoth, what is the basis for safety?

The architect said: After the design drawings come out, we will have an expert review meeting to conduct relevant fire protection design based on the opinions of experts.

The chief of the fire brigade said: The "specialty" of Chinese experts is written in many ways, and it can also be written as "driller" because the purpose of your assessment by experts is to bypass national regulations. Various assessments, design drawings can be pulled by a truck, review meeting. Also up to a day or two, drawings can not finish. Sign a name, install a review fee pocket, leave, and pass the review. The real experts are the academicians of the two academies, not the senior engineers who get the titles.

The architect said: In this type of building, the experts we employ are all first-rate figures in the country. Most people are very serious about building research and put forward reasonable suggestions.

The chief of the fire brigade said: The Chinese experts have inherited the classics of Chinese culture: "If you don't say anything, you don't tell the truth," and our hidden danger lies in the part of the truth that you didn't say. For example, if a building with a national standard of more than one hundred meters is equipped with a helicopter platform, none of our super-pole buildings has a helicopter platform. This problem is that the experts did not say it, or that you did not do it.

The architect said: Due to the architectural design requirements, helicopter platforms are generally not available. In any case, China does not have several helicopters that can be used for rescue.

The fire chief said: So we can call some experts "drillers." The Chinese Air Force has not let go of low-altitude areas for national security. However, once China expands its airspace, China's air force will not say that helicopters used for rescue by the government will be purchased by civilian tyrants. Thirty years ago, we could not have imagined that today's urban private cars in China are affected by disasters. Parking spaces are more expensive than cars. This building is a century-old building and we should consider what China will be like in thirty years time. Of course, it is impossible to have a helicopter for everybody, but it is very likely that every big company has a helicopter.

The architect said: However, national standards always lag behind the pace of development, so expert review is particularly important.

The chief of the fire brigade said: Experts participating in expert assessments do not assume any legal responsibility. The ones who bear the legal responsibility according to the current mechanism are the fire departments that issue administrative licenses. In the event of a disaster, the responsibility of the expert will not be pursued and the responsibility of the design and constructors will not be pursued. The direct responsibility for the investigation of the responsibility of the firefighting officer in the area will be investigated and the person responsible for the crime may be investigated for criminal responsibility. Relative to the developed country's building fire protection design code, our specifications are too detailed, too pertinent and adaptable, and the statement will appear that “the height between the two refuge layers should not be more than 50 meters ” and “not suitable”. Since there are loopholes in the two words, it appears that the group of experts who did not have legal responsibility decided to design something reasonable.

(Seven)

Today, all industries and industries are prevailing in various types of "prediction plans." Most of the pre-proposals are not used for actual combat, but are based on coping with fire inspections. They are real plans for combat operations. We can also refer to the 21st Army of the US Army. Article 7 of the Regulations "There is no plan to continue execution after encountering an enemy."

The architect said: In this building, we conducted a joint drill with the fire department and used the highest ladder car in the area. The effect was good and there was no problem with the water supply.

The chief of the fire brigade said: The kind of joint drill was a play. I saw the plan formed by a few pages of paper. The commander was my classmate. This is a very formatted combat plan. In the plan, the 101- meter high-lift truck successfully rescued two trapped people and used a hand-lifting smoke exhauster to conduct on-site smoke exhaust. However, if a fire really occurs, the number of people trapped in this building may be 20,000 people instead of two. The normal evacuation of people in the building takes 150 minutes. When a disaster strikes, most people are unlikely to live below the fire level. A few years ago, we were keen to train troops to supply water to the top, and provided the water or Class A foam to 200 meters under the condition that the troops were prepared without interference. It took more than an hour if this super-pole building had burned a Hours, then the water provided by the outside, can only be calculated as a cup of water, to no avail.

(Eight)

No one will notice this kind of skyscraper's fire protection system. This huge system can effectively save itself in the early stages of a fire, prevent the spread of fire, and gain time for the evacuation of people. The water supply system inside the building, the smoke prevention system, The evacuation system can only carry out the initial self-rescue. Once the disaster is caused by the fire, it can only be exasperated and the manpower cannot be solved.

The architect asked: Then what did you say, this super-pole building was not saved?

The chief of the fire brigade said: "It is not that there is no rescue. It is to strengthen management and ensure that the fire can be effectively controlled at the beginning. The key to management is people, not equipment. One year went to Hong Kong for academic exchanges and lived in a four-star hotel. The degree of decoration and luxury was far less than that of a hotel like Home Inn in mainland China. Into the control room on the first floor of the hotel, like a command hall, all kinds of business people busy processing all kinds of data, the site is very quiet, this control room and the property is one, all kinds of images into the control room in real time . The person in charge is a young man who looks very young. I asked him what his education is. How long has he been in business? He said: Master of Electrical Engineering has worked here for ten years. All the safety facilities in the building are well known. Other staff members are equal to his academic qualifications. They are all related to building safety and regularly evacuation. drill. I asked him, how is the income? He said: Yes, white collar, income is the same with management. I asked, is there a drawing of this building? He said that there are electronic and paper versions. This is to provide on-site decision-making for firefighters entering the building. Entering the fire pump room on the second floor is like entering a clean factory. There are no irresponsible duties on the wall, what kind of operation permits, what kind of identification, etc., and each pipeline is in Chinese and English. The clear ink jet is clear at a glance. All valves can be easily operated with one hand.

The architect asks: Isn't this our fire control room?

The fire brigade chief said: This may be true in the north, up, broad and deep first-tier cities in the eastern developed regions, but this may not be the case in second-tier cities. Many high-rise building fire management is undertaken by a private fire protection company. I personally feel that such maintenance companies are not generated under a market economy, but are generated under the interference of privileged interests. Such practices do more harm than good because the “maintenance company” changes the full-time fire management staff who originally belonged to the legal entity. Temporary workers. In many places, the fire control room is basically located at the corner or underground floor. The “four capabilities” that were originally a code of conduct were posted on the wall, and there were all sorts of cards, boards, cards, and books that obviously met fire inspections. The water pump room was filled with water, and the pump body was dripping with rust. The operator asked three questions. Most of these security buildings responsible for building security are migrant workers. They are employed by fire protection and maintenance companies. After ten days of primary training, they are employed and the mobility is extremely high, causing major hidden dangers in management.

(nine)

High-rise building from design to construction difficulty is very large, investment funds unthinkable, this nearly 600-meter high-rise buildings from design to put into use long construction period, have at least five or six years, it is estimated that 150 to put to 20 billion yuan to hand over. According to the construction cost of rural Hope Primary School, this high-rise building can build at least 75,000 Hope Primary Schools. Education is more important than building high-rise buildings that are decorated in peace. If it was not after the 18th National Party Congress, President Xi’s wise decision, the introduction of “eight provisions” to limit the area of ​​office space, stop building the building of the building, then it is possible that the world’s tallest building will be born in China.

Breaking up and saying goodbye, the cloud in the sky has not yet dispersed.

The chief of the fire department said: You are a good architect and can cover the building so high.

The architect said: I will remember what you said. You are an excellent fire chief who can see the problem so far.

The chief of the fire brigade said: I am not good. Before the fire chief, I saw a disaster film shot in Hollywood in the 1970s. This film was to warn the vanity and arrogance of the World Trade Center in this film. After 27 years in the shadow , 14 years of construction , the 28- year-old World Trade Center was destroyed by terrorist attacks. It took only 1 hour from the time of the impact to the collapse and thousands of people were killed. This movie is called "Fire the Sky Tower."

The information in this article comes from the Internet and was reorganized and edited by China Rescue Equipment Network.