I. Utilization of Fertilizers China's current fertilizer utilization rate is lower than that of agricultural developed countries. The utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is only 30% to 40% in the current season. There are 3 destinations after nitrogen fertilizer is applied to the soil. One is absorbed and utilized by the seasonal crops (generally 30-40%); the second is residual in the soil (25-35). %); the third is to leave the soil - crops and losses (20 ~ 60%). The utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer in the season is 10 to 25%, and the utilization rate of K fertilizer is 50 to 60%. So how do we increase the utilization rate of fertilizer?
Second, measures to improve fertilizer utilization
1. According to the soil and fertilization according to the soil, according to the fertility, pH value and fertilizer characteristics of the crop, the fertilization amount and variety of the fertilizer are reasonably determined. For example, legume crops, rapeseed, cotton, melons and fruit trees are hi-phosphorus crops, and the application of phosphate fertilizer has better fertilizer efficiency. Apply alkaline fertilizer to acid soil to prevent soil acidification.
2. Mixed use of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic fertilizers According to the test on wheat, the combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increased the yield by 16.5% compared with single application of phosphorus, and increased by 10.5% compared with nitrogen application alone, and increased by 6.4% compared with nitrogen and phosphorus. Moreover, the combination with organic fertilizer can also reduce the adsorption and fixation of phosphorus on the soil and increase the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer.
3, deep application and concentrated application, layered application of deep application is an important way to improve nitrogen utilization rate and reduce nitrogen fertilizer loss, not only can reduce ammonia volatilization, but also reduce denitrification loss; concentrated application of phosphate fertilizer can reduce fertilizer and The contact surface of the soil reduces the chemical fixation. On the other hand, it can increase the concentration difference between the roots of the crops and promote the absorption of phosphorus by the crops. In addition, the mobility of phosphorus in the soil is poor, and the layered application can meet the phosphorus in different growth stages. demand.
4. The critical period and maximum efficiency period of crops in suitable crops are two key periods for crops to absorb nutrients. These two periods should be grasped to ensure the maximum efficiency of fertilizers and the demand for nutrients. Generally, the nutrient critical period of phosphorus is in the early stage of fertility, and nitrogen is slightly later than the phosphorus in the critical period of nutrition. The maximum efficiency period is the period of vegetative growth to reproductive growth.
5. Strengthening water management The supply of water is closely related to the absorption of crop nutrients. Improper use of water not only causes loss of nutrients, but also affects the growth of crops. Moderate irrigation can increase fertilizer utilization, but too much or too little will reduce utilization.
6. Foliar spray fertilizer for foliar spray fertilizer on crops can not only meet the nutrient demand of crops in time, but also reduce soil nutrient fixation and improve fertilizer utilization. For example, using 2 to 3% of superphosphate (after stirring for 24 hours with water, taking a clear liquid) is better for foliar application of aqueous solution.
7. The economic fertilization, such as nitrogen, has a residual amount of 25 to 35% in the soil, and the phosphate fertilizer has a low utilization rate in the current season (10 to 25%), but its residual utilization rate in the 20 years is 38.9%. According to the test, if the total yield increase of phosphate fertilizer in the current season and the latter season is 100%, then the season accounts for 50%, the second season accounts for 25%, the third season accounts for 15%, and the fourth quarter accounts for 10%. Therefore, we must make full use of fertilizer aftereffects, not only can save fertilizer, but also improve fertilizer utilization.
8. The formula fertilization test shows that the formula fertilization technology can increase the fertilizer utilization rate by 5% to 10%, and can avoid blind fertilization and reduce fertilizer waste. In terms of absolute value, the amount of nitrogen absorbed by crops, the amount of residual soil and the amount of fertilizer lost increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application; from the relative value, the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate decreased with the increase of fertilizer application rate, and the loss rate was It increases as the amount of fertilizer is increased.
9. With the application of micro-fertilizer in the rational application of phosphorus, on the wheat, 1 kg of zinc fertilizer and 0.5 kg of boron fertilizer are added to each acre of land, and the yield increase effect is better.
Author: Dumeng Qi
Second, measures to improve fertilizer utilization
1. According to the soil and fertilization according to the soil, according to the fertility, pH value and fertilizer characteristics of the crop, the fertilization amount and variety of the fertilizer are reasonably determined. For example, legume crops, rapeseed, cotton, melons and fruit trees are hi-phosphorus crops, and the application of phosphate fertilizer has better fertilizer efficiency. Apply alkaline fertilizer to acid soil to prevent soil acidification.
2. Mixed use of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic fertilizers According to the test on wheat, the combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increased the yield by 16.5% compared with single application of phosphorus, and increased by 10.5% compared with nitrogen application alone, and increased by 6.4% compared with nitrogen and phosphorus. Moreover, the combination with organic fertilizer can also reduce the adsorption and fixation of phosphorus on the soil and increase the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer.
3, deep application and concentrated application, layered application of deep application is an important way to improve nitrogen utilization rate and reduce nitrogen fertilizer loss, not only can reduce ammonia volatilization, but also reduce denitrification loss; concentrated application of phosphate fertilizer can reduce fertilizer and The contact surface of the soil reduces the chemical fixation. On the other hand, it can increase the concentration difference between the roots of the crops and promote the absorption of phosphorus by the crops. In addition, the mobility of phosphorus in the soil is poor, and the layered application can meet the phosphorus in different growth stages. demand.
4. The critical period and maximum efficiency period of crops in suitable crops are two key periods for crops to absorb nutrients. These two periods should be grasped to ensure the maximum efficiency of fertilizers and the demand for nutrients. Generally, the nutrient critical period of phosphorus is in the early stage of fertility, and nitrogen is slightly later than the phosphorus in the critical period of nutrition. The maximum efficiency period is the period of vegetative growth to reproductive growth.
5. Strengthening water management The supply of water is closely related to the absorption of crop nutrients. Improper use of water not only causes loss of nutrients, but also affects the growth of crops. Moderate irrigation can increase fertilizer utilization, but too much or too little will reduce utilization.
6. Foliar spray fertilizer for foliar spray fertilizer on crops can not only meet the nutrient demand of crops in time, but also reduce soil nutrient fixation and improve fertilizer utilization. For example, using 2 to 3% of superphosphate (after stirring for 24 hours with water, taking a clear liquid) is better for foliar application of aqueous solution.
7. The economic fertilization, such as nitrogen, has a residual amount of 25 to 35% in the soil, and the phosphate fertilizer has a low utilization rate in the current season (10 to 25%), but its residual utilization rate in the 20 years is 38.9%. According to the test, if the total yield increase of phosphate fertilizer in the current season and the latter season is 100%, then the season accounts for 50%, the second season accounts for 25%, the third season accounts for 15%, and the fourth quarter accounts for 10%. Therefore, we must make full use of fertilizer aftereffects, not only can save fertilizer, but also improve fertilizer utilization.
8. The formula fertilization test shows that the formula fertilization technology can increase the fertilizer utilization rate by 5% to 10%, and can avoid blind fertilization and reduce fertilizer waste. In terms of absolute value, the amount of nitrogen absorbed by crops, the amount of residual soil and the amount of fertilizer lost increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application; from the relative value, the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate decreased with the increase of fertilizer application rate, and the loss rate was It increases as the amount of fertilizer is increased.
9. With the application of micro-fertilizer in the rational application of phosphorus, on the wheat, 1 kg of zinc fertilizer and 0.5 kg of boron fertilizer are added to each acre of land, and the yield increase effect is better.
Author: Dumeng Qi
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